Strengthening awareness for electrolyte imbalances is an important quality-improvement effort from the perspective of nursing home residents and their families that might lower unnecessary hospital transfers, EI complication rates and residents’ mortality.Although the use of high frequency echocardiography in zebrafish has recently begun to be explored, there is a critical lack of standardized approaches for image acquisition and data analysis. In this review we also summarise early signs of electrolyte imbalances and assessments that can be performed locally by nursing personnel. Risk factors strongly associated with electrolyte imbalances included nursing home resident’s dietary/ hydration status, presence of comorbidities and type of prescribed medications. High incidence was also documented for hypomagnesemia and associated hypokalemia. Serum sodium imbalances, hyponatremia and hypernatremia, were the most commonly identified. Results and Conclusions: Published research studies reported higher prevalence of electrolyte imbalances and related mortality rate in nursing home residents when compared to older community adults. Key search terms associated with electrolyte imbalances including hyper- and hypo-states of sodium, potassium and magnesium were utilized in the subject search in combination with nursing homes, long-term care and older adults. Methods: Search was performed in MEDLINE/PubMed and CINAHL databases. Objective: The aim of this review is to discuss prevalence and management of electrolyte imbalances in long-term care facilities with focus on nursing homes. Many of the risk factors associated with electrolyte imbalances are modifiable or preventable and have to be adequately recognized and managed by health professionals in nursing home settings. European nursing homes have restricted availability of general practitioner, therefore the role of nurses in medical care, prevention practices, early symptoms identification and communication with physicians is indispensable. In particular, residents of long-term care facilities may develop life-threatening conditions as a result of altered serum electrolyte concentration. These issues as they relate to alcohol-induced proarrhythmia are herein reviewed, with the large studies and meta-analyses tabulated and the arrhythmogenic mechanisms pictorially illustrated.īackground: Electrolyte imbalances strongly impact on morbidity and mortality rate in elderly adults. On the other hand, low to moderate consumption of alcohol may confer some protection from serious VAs and cardiac arrest (J- or U-curve phenomenon) however, abstinence is the optimal strategy. Men appear to be affected at higher dosages of alcohol, while women can suffer from arrhythmias at lower dosages. The effects of alcohol on triggering VAs appear to be dose-dependent, observed more commonly in heavy drinkers, both in healthy individuals and patients with underlying structural heart disease, including ischemic heart disease and alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Arrhythmias in individuals with alcohol use disorder, in addition to AF, may comprise ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) that may be potentially fatal leading to cardiac arrest. The “Holiday Heart Syndrome” relates to the occurrence of AF, most commonly following weekend or public holiday binge drinking however, other arrhythmias may also occur, including other supraventricular arrhythmias, and occasionally even frequent ventricular premature beats and a rare occurrence of ventricular tachycardia. Arrhythmias occur both with acute and chronic alcohol use. The arrhythmogenic potential of alcohol consumption that leads to cardiac arrhythmia development includes the induction of both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, with atrial fibrillation (AF) being the commonest alcohol-related arrhythmia, even with low/moderate alcohol consumption.
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